function cmd = ft_realtime_asynchronous(cfg)

% FT_REALTIME_ASYNCHRONOUS is an example realtime application for
% asynchronous brain-computer interfaces
%
% Use as
%
%   cmd = ft_realtime_asynchronous(cfg)
%
% where cmd is the last processed command and cfg has the following configuration options
%   cfg.bcifun     = the BCI function that is called
%   cfg.blocksize  = number, size of the blocks/chuncks that are processed in seconds (default = 1)
%   cfg.overlap    = overlap between blocks in seconds (default = 0)
%   cfg.channel    = cell-array, see FT_CHANNELSELECTION (default = 'all')
%   cfg.bufferdata = whether to start on the 'first or 'last' data that is
%                    available when the function _starts_ (default = 'last')
%   cfg.jumptoeof  = whether to start on the 'first or 'last' data that is
%                    available when the function _starts_ (default = 'last')
%
% The source of the data is configured as
%   cfg.dataset       = string
% or alternatively to obtain more low-level control as
%   cfg.datafile      = string
%   cfg.headerfile    = string
%   cfg.eventfile     = string
%   cfg.dataformat    = string, default is determined automatic
%   cfg.headerformat  = string, default is determined automatic
%   cfg.eventformat   = string, default is determined automatic
%
%   cfg.ostream    = the output stream that is used to send a command via
%                     write_event (default = []
%
% The bcifun must be of the form
%
%   cmd = bcifun(cfg,data)
%
% where cfg is the configuration passed by this function and data is the
% new data segment. Cmd is the command which is generated by the bcifun.
% This command will be send to an external device via cfg.ostream. Check
% bcifun_latidx for an example.
%
% Some notes about skipping data and catching up with the data stream:
%
% cfg.jumptoeof='yes' causes the realtime function to jump to the end
% when the function _starts_. It causes all data acquired prior to
% starting the RT function to be skipped.
%
% cfg.bufferdata=last causes the realtime function to jump to the last
% available data while _running_. If the RT loop is not fast enough,
% it causes some data to be dropped.
%
% If you want to skip all data that was acquired before you start the
% RT function, but don't want to miss any data that was acquired while
% the realtime function is started, then you should use jumptoeof=yes and
% bufferdata=first. If you want to analyze data from a file, then you
% should use jumptoeof=no and bufferdata=first.
%
% To stop the realtime function, you have to press Ctrl-C

% Copyright (C) 2010, Marcel van Gerven, Robert Oostenveld
%
% This file is part of FieldTrip, see http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org
% for the documentation and details.
%
%    FieldTrip is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
%    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
%    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
%    (at your option) any later version.
%
%    FieldTrip is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
%    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
%    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
%    GNU General Public License for more details.
%
%    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
%    along with FieldTrip. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
%
% $Id$

% set the default configuration options
if ~isfield(cfg, 'bcifun'),         cfg.bcifun = @bcifun_latidx; end % example function computes lateralization index
if ~isfield(cfg, 'nsamples'),       cfg.nsamples = inf;          end % number of samples to process
if ~isfield(cfg, 'blocksize'),      cfg.blocksize = 1;           end % in seconds
if ~isfield(cfg, 'overlap'),        cfg.overlap = 0;             end % in seconds
if ~isfield(cfg, 'channel'),        cfg.channel = 'all';         end % processed channels
if ~isfield(cfg, 'bufferdata'),     cfg.bufferdata = 'last';     end % first or last
if ~isfield(cfg, 'jumptoeof'),      cfg.jumptoeof = 'yes';       end % jump to end of file at initialization
if ~isfield(cfg, 'dataformat'),     cfg.dataformat = [];         end % default is detected automatically
if ~isfield(cfg, 'headerformat'),   cfg.headerformat = [];       end % default is detected automatically
if ~isfield(cfg, 'eventformat'),    cfg.eventformat = [];        end % default is detected automatically
if ~isfield(cfg, 'dataset') && ~isfield(cfg, 'header') && ~isfield(cfg, 'datafile')
  cfg.dataset = 'buffer://localhost:1972';
end
if ~isfield(cfg, 'ostream'),        cfg.ostream = [];            end % no output by default

% translate dataset into datafile+headerfile
cfg = ft_checkconfig(cfg, 'dataset2files', 'yes');
cfg = ft_checkconfig(cfg, 'required', {'datafile' 'headerfile'});

% ensure that the persistent variables related to caching are cleared
clear ft_read_header
% start by reading the header from the realtime buffer
hdr = ft_read_header(cfg.headerfile, 'headerformat', cfg.headerformat, 'cache', true, 'retry', true);

% define a subset of channels for reading
cfg.channel = ft_channelselection(cfg.channel, hdr.label);
chanindx    = match_str(hdr.label, cfg.channel);
nchan       = length(chanindx);
if nchan==0, ft_error('no channels were selected'); end

% determine the size of blocks to process
blocksize = round(cfg.blocksize * hdr.Fs);
overlap   = round(cfg.overlap*hdr.Fs);

if strcmp(cfg.jumptoeof, 'yes')
  prevSample = hdr.nSamples * hdr.nTrials;
else
  prevSample  = 0;
end

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% this is the general BCI loop where realtime incoming data is handled
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
cfg.count = 0; % current segment; can be used in bcifun
while cfg.count < cfg.nsamples

  % determine number of samples available in buffer
  hdr = ft_read_header(cfg.headerfile, 'headerformat', cfg.headerformat, 'cache', true);

  % see whether new samples are available
  newsamples = (hdr.nSamples*hdr.nTrials-prevSample);

  if newsamples>=blocksize

    % determine the samples to process
    if strcmp(cfg.bufferdata, 'last')
      begsample  = hdr.nSamples*hdr.nTrials - blocksize + 1;
      endsample  = hdr.nSamples*hdr.nTrials;
    elseif strcmp(cfg.bufferdata, 'first')
      begsample  = prevSample+1;
      endsample  = prevSample+blocksize;
    else
      ft_error('unsupported value for cfg.bufferdata');
    end

    % this allows overlapping data segments
    if overlap && (begsample>overlap)
      begsample = begsample - overlap;
      endsample = endsample - overlap;
    end

    % remember up to where the data was read
    prevSample  = endsample;
    cfg.count   = cfg.count + 1;
    fprintf('processing segment %d from sample %d to %d\n', cfg.count, begsample, endsample);

    % read data segment from buffer
    dat = double(ft_read_data(cfg.datafile, 'header', hdr, 'dataformat', cfg.dataformat, 'begsample', begsample,...
            'endsample', endsample, 'chanindx', chanindx, 'checkboundary', false));

    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    % from here onward it is specific to the display of the data
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    % put the data in a fieldtrip-like raw structure
    data.trial{1} = dat;
    data.time{1}  = offset2time(0, hdr.Fs, endsample-begsample+1);
    data.label    = hdr.label(chanindx);
    data.hdr      = hdr;
    data.fsample  = hdr.Fs;
    data.grad     = [];

    % apply BCI function
    cmd = cfg.bcifun(cfg,data);
    
    if ~isempty(cfg.ostream)

      fprintf('writing command %s to %s\n',num2str(cmd),cfg.ostream);
      
      % send command
      evt.type = 'uint';
      evt.offset = [];
      evt.duration = [];
      evt.sample = abs(data.time{1}(1)*data.fsample);
      evt.timestamp = data.time{1}(1);
      evt.value = cmd;

      ft_write_event(cfg.ostream,evt);

    else
      fprintf('generated command %s\n',num2str(cmd));
    end
    
    cfg.count = cfg.count +  1;
    
  end % if enough new samples
end % while true
